Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) and Dark Firm Dry (DFD) meats are two of the major quality defects facing the meat industry. These defects reduce consumer acceptability, shelf life and yield of meat thus affecting profits tremendously. Breed, sex, species, pre-slaughter and post-slaughter handling of animals are among the main predisposing factors contributing to PSE and DFD in meats.

What pH levels are good indicators for PSE & DFD?

PSE: <5.0
DFD: >6.0






Pale Soft Exudative (PSE) meat 



PSE in pigs is caused by severe, short-term stress just prior to slaughter, for example during off-loading, handling, holding in pens and stunning. Here the animal is subjected to severe anxiety and fright caused by manhandling, fighting in the pens and bad stunning techniques. All this may result in biochemical processes in the muscle in particular in rapid breakdown of muscle glycogen and the meat becoming very pale with pronounced acidity (pH values of 5.4-5.6 immediately after slaughter) and poor flavour. This type of meat is difficult to use or cannot be used at all by butchers or meat processors and is wasted in extreme cases. Allowing pigs to rest for one hour prior to slaughter and quiet handling will considerably reduce the risk of PSE.




Dark Firm and Dry (DFD) meat





This condition can be found in carcasses of cattle or sheep and sometimes pigs and turkeys soon after slaughter. The carcass meat is darker and drier than normal and has a much firmer texture. The muscle glycogen has been used up during the period of handling, transport and pre-slaughter and as a result, after slaughter, there is little lactic acid production, which results in DFD meat. This meat is of inferior quality as the less pronounced taste and the dark colour is less acceptable to the consumer and has a shorter shelf life due to the abnormally high pH-value of the meat (6.4-6.8). DFD meat means that the carcass was from an animal that was stressed, injured or diseased before being slaughtered.